Threshold incentives over multiple periods and the sales hockey stick phenomenon

In this article, we study threshold‐based sales‐force incentives and their impact on a dealer's optimal effort. A phenomenon, observed in practice, is that the dealer exerts a large effort toward the end of the incentive period to boost sales and reach the threshold to make additional profits. In the literature, the resulting last‐period sales spike is sometimes called the hockey stick phenomenon (HSP). In this article, we show that the manufacturer's choice of the incentive parameters and the underlying demand uncertainty affect the dealer's optimal effort choice. This results in the sales HSP over multiple time periods even when there is a cost associated with waiting. We then show that, by linking the threshold to a correlated market signal, the HSP can be regulated. We also characterize the variance of the total sales across all the periods and demonstrate conditions under the sales variance can be reduced. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2010     

军事供应链不确定性产生机理研究

军事供应链中不可避免地存在不确定性。构建了军事供应链不确定性产生机理的概念模型,从需求、供应、环境三个方面分析了军事供应链不确定性产生的原因,同时,对军事供应链中可能存在的各种不确定性进行了讨论,明确了加剧不确定性影响的因素是军事供应链系统的复杂性。具体表现为军事供应链成员交互关系的复杂性和军事供应链网络结构的复杂性。提出正是由于这两个原因的存在,对军事供应链的保障性能产生了巨大的影响。     

高速水射流倒空弹体装药安全性研究

本文阐述了高速水射流倒空弹体装药的机理,建立了确定水射流引爆炸药的临界速度的模拟实验方法和模型,进行了高速水射流冲击炸药的安全性试验,并对试验结果进行了分析,证明在工作泵压下高速水射流倒空弹体装药安全、可靠。     

CCD专用电源的研制

本文给出了ＣＣＤ专用电源的设计方案。该电源具有高效率、抗浪涌、工作电压范围宽、直流输出与交流隔离等优点。     

一种新型高效程控斩波器的设计

提出利用当前国际先进专用开关稳压电源集成芯片,设计高效、低纹波的新型新波器的原理及电路实现,并在实验条件下证明了本设计的工程适用性。     

移动式铁路油罐车清洗装置水循环使用与节能分析

装备节能研究对建设绿色节能型社会具有重要意义。对移动式铁路油罐车清洗装置中清洗管路和吸污管路的热损进行分析计算,提出了水掺混循环使用的节能清洗方案,对清洗工艺中的传热过程、水循环使用中水掺混比例进行了详尽的分析计算,并对节能效果进行了分析。结果表明,清洗管路系统热损较低,水掺混循环使用的节能效果明显。     

The impact of animal welfare regulations on firms' product offerings: Humane or organic product?

Increased public concerns about animal welfare have spurred new regulations to improve animals' treatment and living conditions. We study how these regulations affect firms' product offerings, prices, and profits. We consider two competing animal agriculture supply chains, each consisting of a supplier and a buyer. New regulations require firms to choose between offering humane or organic products, which are differentiated by animals' living conditions. We find that consumers' growing awareness of animal welfare encourages firms to offer organic products, which require the highest standards for animals' living conditions. We also show that tightening humane product standards and loosening organic product standards encourage firms to offer organic products—but with distinct pricing implications. The former leads to higher retail prices whereas the latter may lower retail prices. Depending on costs and consumers' awareness of animal welfare, a humane product may be priced higher or lower than an organic product. Furthermore, we provide conditions under which a regulator should offer a unit-cost or an investment cost subsidy to improve social welfare. We show that subsidies can encourage firms to change from offering humane to organic products, or vice versa, to enhance total social welfare.     

旋成体射弹倾斜入水运动仿真

为了研究运动参数和弹头外形对弹体斜入水过程的影响规律,采用气液两相流体积分数和水汽空化模型,通过嵌套网格实现刚体三自由度运动学和动力学耦合,模拟了弹体以80～100 m/s速度倾斜入水开空泡阶段的运动过程。经文献实验验证,入水弹体速度与位移的误差为0～6%和-8%～0,转动角度误差为-6%～0。通过对入水速度和入水角度的多工况模拟研究,发现入水速度增大,弹体轴向冲击载荷增大,最大载荷与速度的平方呈线性关系,弹体速度非线性衰减率大;入水角增大,弹体转动角速率减小,运动稳定性强,速度衰减率不受入水角影响。与圆锥头部弹体相比,采用头部阶梯状修型后的弹体的平均速度衰减率、转动角速率和最大轴向冲击载荷分别降低到66.7%、40%和77.2%,显著提高了运动稳定性。     

大深度锚雷定向攻击误差分析

误差分析是计算武器射击(攻击)效果的基础,在简述了大深度锚雷工作过程和命中原理模型后,着重对其攻击过程中存在的误差进行了详细的分析,并举例进行了计算     

高层建筑消防供电安全问题探讨

高层建筑消防用电设备的安全运行非常重要,其中消防供电系统的安全是重中之重。以消防电气设计应遵循的规范为依据,从消防设备供电设计、消防设备控制、消防系统的接地及过电压保护几个方面论述了确保高层建筑消防供电安全的措施。